Reaction kinetics, yields, and solution mixing.
Reaction rates, percent yields, and solution mixtures follow a small set of standard relationships - the Arrhenius equation, the percent-yield ratio, alligation, and the Debye-Hückel limiting law. These tools apply them to your own measurements, with units and assumptions spelled out, so you can check a result instead of guessing.
Estimate an ionic activity coefficient from ion charge and ionic strength with the Debye-Hückel limiting law.
Calculate actual yield, percent yield, or theoretical yield for a chemical reaction from the other two values.
Calculate the air-to-fuel mass ratio (AFR) and inverse fuel-to-air ratio from the masses of air and fuel.
Find the ratio of a higher- and lower-concentration solution needed to reach a target concentration by…
Use the Arrhenius equation to find a rate constant, the activation energy from two temperatures, or a rate…
Find the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom or ion from its atomic number, mass number,…
Calculate the atom economy of a balanced reaction from the molar mass and coefficient of the desired product…
Calculate the weighted average atomic mass from isotope masses and abundances, with the mass of one average…
Convert between moles and the number of particles with Avogadro's constant, or from a sample mass and molar…
Solve the Beer-Lambert law A = ε·c·l for absorbance, concentration, molar absorptivity, or path length.
A safety-focused guide to bleach product labels, percent versus ppm, storage, and why bleach must never be…
Estimate the boiling point of pure water at a given pressure using the IAPWS-IF97 saturation relation.
Estimate the boiling point of pure water at a given altitude from the standard atmosphere, with an optional…
Calculate boiling-point elevation ΔTb = i·Kb·m for a dilute solution with a nonvolatile solute, and the…
Calculate bond order from the number of bonding and antibonding electrons using molecular orbital theory.
Estimate the empirical buffer capacity β = |Δn / ΔpH| of a solution from a measured pH change after adding a…
Estimate buffer pH from pKa and the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base using the…
Fit a linear calibration curve y = mx + b from standard concentrations and instrument responses, with R² and…
Look up the common name of a limited set of simple ionic and molecular compounds from their chemical formula.
Estimate carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen mass in a sample from its mass and the measured CO2 and H2O produced by…
Calculate mass concentration (g/L) or molarity (mol/L) of a solution from solute mass or moles and solution…
Calculate unit-cell volume, atoms per cell, atomic radius, and density for simple cubic, body-centered cubic,…
Calculate the degree of unsaturation (also called double bond equivalent, DBE, or index of hydrogen…
Estimate the translational diffusion coefficient of a spherical particle in a fluid using the Stokes-Einstein…
Calculate a dilution factor from initial and final concentration, or from aliquot and final volume, plus the…
Calculate effective nuclear charge Zeff = Z − S from an atomic number and a shielding constant you provide.
Calculate electric charge, current, time, or moles of electrons using Faraday's law, Q = nF and Q = It.
Look up the ground-state electron configuration and noble-gas shorthand for a neutral atom by atomic number.
Compare the Pauling-scale electronegativity of two elements and calculate the electronegativity difference…
Calculate the standard cell potential of a galvanic cell from reduction potentials, or its potential under…
Calculate the entropy change ΔS = qrev / T for a reversible, isothermal heat transfer from the heat…
Calculate an equilibrium constant K from equilibrium concentrations and stoichiometric coefficients, or from…
Calculate freezing-point depression ΔTf = i·Kf·m for a dilute solution with a nonvolatile solute, and the…
Calculate Gibbs free-energy change ΔG = ΔH − TΔS from enthalpy change, entropy change, and absolute…
Calculate the thermodynamic degrees of freedom F = C − P + 2 for a nonreacting equilibrium system from its…
Convert between mass in grams and amount of substance in moles using n = mass / molar mass, or moles to grams.
Calculate total enthalpy of combustion from the amount of substance burned and a molar heat of combustion…